Had urbanist Jane Jacobs lived to be 100, she would have
celebrated her birthday earlier this week. Jacobs, a journalist by training, was
a champion of people and cities and helped shape the urban realm during the
latter part of the last century. Her
influence on place-making is even more poignant today, as cities across the
continent begin retrofitting as part of a shift towards the low carbon economy.
In “The Death and Life
of Great American Cities”, Jacobs made the case that the best places to live
are the ones scaled to people. At the
time of its publication in 1958, North America was in the midst of a highway
building boom which would not taper off until her ideas eventually became
mainstream in the 1980s. Today, we take
it for granted that great cities are the realm of people, not cars (see: “How Activist Jane Jacobs Changed the Way the World Thinks About Cities,” Annalies Winny, Vice.com, March 10, 2016).
And yet, although we understand the lessons Jacobs taught,
we have largely continued to comprehensively ignore them in the design of our
cities and suburbs. Too often, municipal
decision makers continue to emphasize a car-centric vision for urban design,
rather than one where our communities are built at the scale of walking and
cycling. New cookie-cutter subdivisions, often located on the fringes of
existing built-up areas, are serviced by needlessly wide streets that make
getting around without a car difficult. Big box “power centres” are built with
enough parking to accommodate what U.S. urbanist Marc Lefkowitz refers to as
the “100 year shopping event” (see: “Who will (and won’t) pay for water-polluting lots,” Marc Lefkowitz, GreenCityBlueLake, April 28, 2016).
For Jane Jacobs, and for many others who have flocked back
into our inner cities, the suburban built form proved not only to be
spiritually desolate, but also economically unsustainable. The social and economic costs of commuting great
distances to work have required private and public investments in
infrastructure that have left many people and cities teetering on the edge of
insolvency. It may be true that land
values are generally lower in suburban areas, making those areas more
attractive to home buyers, but the additional costs associated with suburban
living often tilt the balance in favour of inner-city dwelling, especially in
circumstances where a family chooses not to own a car.
As we shift towards a low carbon economy, we are already
seeing our governments and businesses beginning to back the transportation
options we’ll need to use to get around.
Light and heavy rail systems are being built or proposed in cities like
Brampton, Hamilton, London and Kitchener-Waterloo. Separated busways already
exist in Mississauga and Ottawa. Transit
not only helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, it also facilitates the type of
urban built-form that makes our cities vibrant, people-centred places.
Not everyone will choose to live in our retrofitted
cities. That’s fair, but it might prove
to be more expensive in the future, once pollution and congestion pricing
programs become the norm. For too long, we’ve subsidized suburban living
through artificially low energy prices and other fiscal breaks for car owners,
including building and maintaining our expansive road and highway systems, and
providing low cost storage options for vehicles through free parking. Our subsidies have led to inefficient urban
sprawl, a development form which typically does not offer a positive return on
investment.
Jane Jacobs has shown us what makes cities great. In our shift towards a low carbon economy,
we’ve already started knocking down some of the barriers we’ve erected to
prevent creating people-centred urban areas.
In the future, our cities will be more compact, less focused on cars,
and more economically sustainable.
That’s all good news – but the great news is that as a spin-off, we’re
going to create more vibrant communities for people.
(opinions expressed in this blogpost are my own and should not be considered consistent with the policies and/or positions of the Green Parties of Canada and Ontario)
Originally published in the Sudbury Star as, "Jane Jacobs' urban vision coming to a city near you," in print and, "Sudbury Column: Jane Jacobs' urban vision coming," online, May 7, 2016.
